Impact of ethanol,succinic acid,and the combination thereof at levels produced during sponge fermentation on hard wheat,soft wheat,and durum wheat farinograph rheology

The sponge and dough mixing process is one of the most common in the world, yet the mechanistic understanding of this process has yet to be sufficiently explored. In this study, aqueous solutions of ethanol, succinic acid, and their combination were prepared at concentrations intended to replicate fermentation times of 3, 4 and 6 h. These solutions were added to a farinograph mixer to make dough using hard wheat, soft wheat, and durum wheat flour. The results indicate that these yeast metabolites (ethanol, succinic acid) impact the mixing resistance, peak mixing value, and dough mixing stability in each of the flour types, likely primarily affected by the ratios of gliadin to glutenin and LMW glutenin in each flour type. Results suggest a stabilizing non-covalent interaction imparted by gliadin at peak mixing time, a stabilizing effect of HMW glutenin during break down, and synergistic effects of ethanol and succinic acid that leads to a faster rate of breakdown in later stages of mixing. It also suggests an increase in mixing resistance when acidulants are added to durum wheat dough. Taken together, this study adds new insights on the sponge and dough mixing process in a way that has not previously been conducted.     

不同状态培养基下pH对香菇、滑菇及金针菇漆酶活性的影响

考察不同物理状态培养基条件下pH对香菇、滑菇、金针菇漆酶活性的影响,为香菇、滑菇、金针菇的栽培提供重要参考。固化培养基以及液体培养基以NaOH作为碱化剂,固体培养基以壳灰作为碱化剂,考察不同pH对3种食用菌漆酶活性的影响。结果表明：微碱化培养可提高3种不同食用菌的漆酶活力,并与培养基的物理状态有关。香菇在固化、液体、固体培养基中,pH分别为6.5、6.5以及6.0时漆酶活性最高,比对照提高5.3%~14.0%;金针菇适宜的pH分别为7.0、6.0和6.5,与对照相比提高35.9%~343.0%;滑菇适宜的pH均为6.0,与对照相比提高3.1%~94.9%。     

20个甘蔗品种（系）的抗旱性比较

干旱是限制我国甘蔗产量提高的主要原因。采用桶栽和人工控水的方法,对云南省甘蔗主产区临沧市选取的20个甘蔗品种（系）进行抗旱性分析,通过测定苗期和分蘖期的8个抗逆生理指标,以及分蘖率、成活率和株高3个生长指标,采用模糊隶属函数、主成分分析和系统聚类分析方法对各甘蔗品种（系）的抗旱性进行综合评价。结果表明,干旱胁迫后,甘蔗叶片相对含水量、叶绿素含量、甘蔗分蘖率、株高和成活率呈下降趋势,而甘蔗叶片丙二醛、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量、质膜透性、SOD和POD酶活性则呈上升趋势。通过模糊隶属函数、主成分分析和系统聚类分析可将20份甘蔗品种（系）材料分为3类,其中7个为抗旱品种（系）,6个为中等抗旱品种（系）,7个为不抗旱品种（系）;根据抗旱综合值,7个抗旱品种（系）的抗旱能力排名为：‘桂糖06-2081’>‘柳城05-136’>‘福农38’>‘柳城03-1137’>‘德蔗03-83’>‘云蔗05-49’>‘福农40’。相关分析表明,与甘蔗抗旱性呈显著正相关的指标分别为成活率、株高和叶片相对含水量,呈显著负相关的指标分别为质膜透性、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量。     

南方根结线虫侵染对不同砧木嫁接冬瓜生长的影响

为了明确南方根结线虫对不同南瓜砧木嫁接冬瓜苗生长发育的影响,以期为冬瓜生产筛选抗根结线虫砧木品种,促进产业可持续发展。本文采用人工接种南方根结线虫,研究比较了‘海砧1号’、‘海砧2号’和‘银龙黄籽’3种南瓜砧木的冬瓜嫁接苗及冬瓜自根苗的抗性水平及植株生物量的差异。结果表明：不同南瓜砧木冬瓜嫁接苗和自根苗的病情指数、根结指数、卵粒指数和繁殖指数均随着生育期延长而不断升高,抗性水平发生不同程度变化;以‘海砧2号’为砧木的嫁接苗在全生育期均表现为抗病,以‘海砧1号’和‘银龙黄籽’为砧木的嫁接苗表现为高感,‘清远黑皮冬瓜’自根苗表现为感病。在茎叶鲜重和单果鲜重方面,生长中后期以‘海砧2号’为砧木的嫁接苗显著高于以‘海砧1号’和‘银龙黄籽’为砧木的嫁接苗以及‘清远黑皮冬瓜’自根苗,但与未接种的‘清远黑皮冬瓜’自根苗无显著差异。研究结果证实,南方根结线虫明显抑制了感病砧木冬瓜嫁接苗的生长和产量,对抗病砧木嫁接苗无明显影响。     

新疆库尔勒地区羊源产志贺毒素大肠杆菌及其耐药性分析

为了解新疆库尔勒地区羊源产志贺毒素大肠杆菌（Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli，STEC）毒力基因的分布情况及其耐药性，对新疆库尔勒地区羊肉生产环节（养殖场、定点屠宰场和市场）的282份样品进行STEC的分离鉴定，并检测毒力基因的编码情况，进一步检测了17种常用抗生素的耐药情况。结果表明：羊肉生产环节样品中检出72株STEC，检出率为25.5%。72株STEC中编码毒力基因stx1+stx2、stx1、stx2、rfbE、eae、hly的数量分别为22、45、2、0、4、51个。其中，羊养殖场中存在较多的非O157 STEC，检出率为37.3%；stx以stx1为主，检出率达到了652%。72株STEC中以β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类、大环内酯类抗生素耐药为主，STEC菌株的多重耐药比较严重，最多可耐9种抗生素，多重耐药情况主要是耐1种和耐2种抗生素。研究表明，羊肉生产环节中羊养殖场存在大量的非O157 STEC菌株，且耐药情况比较严重，务必预防源头污染。     

食品中阪崎克罗诺杆菌的药物敏感性及分子分型研究

克罗诺杆菌是一种革兰氏阴性菌，是配方粉中威胁婴幼儿健康的主要致病菌。近年来，乳制品及食品中常有克罗诺杆菌耐药株的报道，耐药株的出现给临床治疗带来巨大挑战。为探究PFGE型别与耐药表型之间的关联性，采用BD PhoenixTM-100全自动细菌鉴定及药敏系统对食品分离的68株阪崎克罗诺杆菌进行药敏检测，共选择19种抗生素，并采用PFGE对其进行分子分型。结果表明：4株阪崎克罗诺杆菌具有耐药性，耐药率为5.88%。其中，3株对头孢唑啉耐药，1株对四环素耐药。18株菌表现为中介，其中16株对头孢唑啉中介，2株对氯霉素中介。所有菌株对其余16种抗生素均敏感。68株阪崎克罗诺杆菌可分成58个PFGE带型，其中PT037、PT050、PT054、PT007、PT043及PT046带型分别含有4、3、3、2、2、2株菌，其余52个带型各含1株菌，带型较分散。3株头孢唑啉耐药菌株包含3个PFGE带型，18株中介菌株包含16个PFGE带型。检测的阪崎克罗诺杆菌食品分离株耐药率较低，未发现多重耐药菌株，且呈现出高度基因多态性，菌株PFGE带型与耐药性之间无明显相关性。     

ROCK promotes high glucose-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis by inhi-biting PI3K/Akt signaling pathway

AIMTo investigate whether Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase (ROCK) is involved in high glucose-induced apoptosis of primary cardiomyocytes by regulating PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. METHODSPrimary Wistar rat cardiomyocytes were cultured and identified by α-sarcomeric actin (α-SCA) immunohistochemistry. Cardiomyocytes were treated with 5.5, 33 and 40 mmol/L glucose for 48 h. The cell viability was measured by MTT assay, and the mRNA expression of ROCK1 and ROCK2 in the cardiomyocytes was detected by RT-qPCR. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the apoptosis of the cardiomyocytes. The protein levels of ROCK1, ROCK2, cleaved caspase-3, Bcl-2, PI3K, Akt and p-Akt were determined by Western blot. In order to confirm the regulatory effect of ROCKs on PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, the cells were divided into control group (5.5 mmol/L glucose), high glucose group (33 mmol/L glucose) and high glucose+Y27632 (ROCK inhibitor) group. Western blot was used to detect the protein levels of ROCK1, ROCK2, PI3K, Akt and p-Akt. RESULTSAfter 48 h of high glucose exposure, the values of relative cell viability in 33 and 40 mmol/L glucose groups were (79.71±2.43)% and (68.41±7.49)%, respectively, both of which were significantly decreased compared with normal control group (P<0.05). After 48 h of high glucose exposure, the relative mRNA levels of ROCK1 and ROCK2 in 33 and 40 mmol/L glucose groups were significantly increased compared with normal control group (P<0.05). Compared with normal control group, the apoptotic rate in 33 and 40 mmol/L glucose groups was increased significantly (P<0.05). Compared with normal control group, the protein expression of ROCK1, ROCK2 and cleaved caspase-3 in 33 and 40 mmol/L glucose groups was increased (P<0.05), while the protein expression of Bcl-2 was decreased (P<0.05). No significant difference in the protein levels of PI3K and Akt among the 3 groups was observed, while the protein level of p-Akt in 33 and 40 mmol/L glucose groups was decreased compared with normal control group (P<0.05). Compared with high glucose group, the expression of ROCK1 and ROCK2 was decreased in high glucose+Y27632 group. No significant difference in the protein levels of PI3K and Akt among the 3 groups was observed. Compared with normal control group, the protein level of p-Akt in high glucose group was decreased, and the protein level of p-Akt in high glucose+Y27632 group was increased significantly compared with high glucose group. CONCLUSION Under high glucose environment, ROCK may reduce the level of p-Akt by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway， thus promoting the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes.     

中国板栗238份品种（系）叶片形态、解剖结构及其抗旱性评价

采用多功能图像分析法、冷冻切片法和指甲油印记法，对238份板栗品种（系）叶片的形态、解剖结构及气孔特征进行了观察测量，运用变异系数、主成分分析对33项指标进行了筛选，后运用隶属函数法进行抗旱性综合评价。结果表明：（1）238份板栗品种（系）33项指标中除上表皮角质层厚度、上表皮细胞宽度、第一层栅栏组织细胞密度、第一层栅栏组织细胞宽、下表皮细胞宽度和下表皮角质层厚等6项指标的变异系数小于10%，各品种系（间）差异较小外，其余27项指标的变异系数均大于10%，在各品种（系）间差异较大；经主成分分析从27项指标中筛选出10项作为238份板栗品种（系）抗旱性综合评价的典型指标。（2）利用隶属函数分析将238份品种（系）划分为4类：第Ⅰ类包括31个品种（系），平均隶属值为0.60 ~ 0.80，抗旱性极强；第Ⅱ类包括48个品种（系），平均隶属值为0.50 ~ 0.59，抗旱性强；第Ⅲ类包括84个品种（系），平均隶属值为0.30 ~ 0.49，抗旱性中；第Ⅳ类包括75个品种（系），平均隶属值为0.20 ~ 0.29，抗旱性弱。     

中国野生毛葡萄芪合酶基因VqSTS11和VqSTS23调控抗白粉病的研究

利用同源克隆法得到抗白粉病的中国野生毛葡萄‘丹凤–2’芪合酶基因VqSTS11和VqSTS23的开放阅读框，并构建过表达载体；通过器官发生途径诱导不抗白粉病的欧洲葡萄‘无核白’分生愈伤组织并采用农杆菌介导法对其进行转化；经过PCR检测和Western blot鉴定，获得了5株VqSTS11超量表达植株和3株VqSTS23超量表达植株；人工接种白粉菌发现，转基因植株中白粉菌菌丝生长速度慢，孢子萌发受到一定的抑制，并且转基因植株中芪合酶基因相对表达量升高，抗病相关基因表达上调，芪类物质含量积累增多。本研究结果进一步证明中国野生毛葡萄‘丹凤–2’芪合酶基因VqSTS11和VqSTS23对白粉菌具有抗性，‘丹凤–2’可以为改良欧洲葡萄品种抗病性提供抗病基因，作为抗病育种的资源。     

卷丹转基因体系构建及岷江百合LrCCoAOMT的导入

以卷丹（Lilium lancifolium Thunb.）无菌小鳞片为试材，通过切片处理、优化农杆菌侵染浓度与时间以及重悬液和共培养基成分，构建农杆菌介导的高效遗传转化体系。结果表明，MS + 1.5 mg ? L-1 6-BA + 0.5 mg ? L-1 NAA + 30 g ? L-1蔗糖是切片芽分化的最佳培养基，添加100 mg ? L-1抗坏血酸能有效抑制褐化并促进不定芽增殖。MS + 2.0 mg ? L-1 NAA + 30 g ? L-1蔗糖是生根诱导的最佳培养基。抗生素敏感性测试发现，培养基中添加Kan 100 mg ? L-1或Hyg 75 mg ? L-1 结合Cef 400 mg ? L-1适宜抗性筛选。GUS染色分析表明，以去除大量元素的改良MS + 100 μmol ? L-1 AS和去除大量元素的改良MS + 1.0 mg ? L-1 6-BA + 1.0 mg ? L-1 NAA + 100 μmol ? L-1 AS为重悬液和共培养基，将切片在农杆菌菌液浓度OD600为0.4，侵染15 min，获得81.72% 瞬时转化率和25.2% 稳定遗传转化率。将岷江百合LrCCoAOMT转化卷丹，分子检测和GUS染色分析表明已获得转基因阳性株系。